Passive Voice (られる)
Learning Objectives
- Conjugate verbs into the passive form.
- Use the Direct Passive for actions done to a person or object.
- Understand the Indirect/Suffering Passive, a uniquely Japanese concept.
- Properly use the particle に to mark the ‘doer’ of the passive action.
In English, the passive voice shifts focus from who did the action to who received the action (“The dog bit me” ➔ “I was bitten by the dog”). Japanese has a similar function, but it also has a unique psychological layer: the Indirect Passive, often called the “Suffering Passive”. It expresses how someone else’s action negatively affected you!
1. Conjugating the Passive Form (受身形 - Ukemikei)
First, let’s look at how to conjugate verbs into the passive voice. The rules are very similar to creating the negative (Nai-form) and adding a suffix.
Group 1 (U-Verbs)
Change the final 〜u sound to the 〜a sound, and add れる (reru).
- 叱る (shikaru - to scold) ➔ 叱られる (shikarareru - to be scolded)
- 踏む (fumu - to step on) ➔ 踏まれる (fumareru - to be stepped on)
- 呼ぶ (yobu - to call) ➔ 呼ばれる (yobareru - to be called)
- 使う (tsukau - to use) ➔ 使われる (tsukawareru - to be used) (Note: u becomes wa)
Group 2 (Ru-Verbs)
Drop the る (ru) and add られる (rareru).
(Note: This is identical to the Potential Form for Group 2! You must judge by context).
- 見る (miru - to see) ➔ 見られる (mirareru - to be seen)
- 食べる (taberu - to eat) ➔ 食べられる (taberareru - to be eaten)
Group 3 (Irregular Verbs)
- 来る (kuru - to come) ➔ 来られる (korareru - to be come [upon])
- する (suru - to do) ➔ される (sareru - to be done)
2. Direct Passive (直接受身)
The Direct Passive works just like English. The person or thing that receives the action becomes the subject/topic (は or が), and the person who did the action is marked with に (by).
私は先生に褒められました。
watashi wa sensei ni homeraremashita.
I was praised by the teacher.
泥棒にパスポートを盗まれました。
dorobou ni pasupooto o nusumaremashita.
My passport was stolen by a thief.
If the passive sentence is about a historical fact, a building, an invention, or an event, the “doer” is usually marked with によって instead of just に.
このビルは有名な建築家によって建てられました。
kono biru wa yuumei na kenchikuka ni yotte tateraremashita.
This building was built by a famous architect.
3. Indirect “Suffering” Passive (間接受身)
This is a concept deeply embedded in Japanese psychology. You can use the passive voice even when an action was not done directly to you, but the action broadly inconvenienced or annoyed you.
In this structure, you (the speaker) are the subject (私は), the person who caused the problem is marked with に, and the action they took is in the passive voice.
私は隣の人にタバコを吸われました。
watashi wa tonari no hito ni tabako o suwaremashita.
I suffered from the person next to me smoking (My neighbor smoked, and it bothered me).
夜中、赤ちゃんに泣かれました。
yonaka, akachan ni nakaremashita.
I was inconvenienced by the baby crying in the middle of the night.
雨に降られて、服が濡れました。
ame ni furarete, fuku ga nuremashita.
I was caught in the rain, and my clothes got wet (The rain fell, inconveniencing me).
[!WARNING] You cannot use the indirect passive for positive actions. For example, if your baby crying made you happy, you would not say “赤ちゃんに泣かれました”. The suffering passive is strictly for reporting complaints or hardships.
Contextual Dialogue
Let’s see how Tanaka and Suzuki use the passive voice to complain about their day.
鈴木さん、ひどい顔ですね。どうしたんですか。
Suzuki-san, hidoi kao desu ne. Dou shita n desu ka.
Suzuki, you look terrible. What happened?
実は、今日は最悪でした。まず、電車の中で足を踏まれました。
Jitsu wa, kyou wa saiaku deshita. Mazu, densha no naka de ashi o fumaremashita.
To be honest, today was awful. First, someone stepped on my foot on the train.
それは痛いですね…。
Sore wa itai desu ne...
That is painful...
そして、雨に降られて、カバンが濡れました。さらに、会社で課長に叱られました。
Soshite, ame ni furarete, kaban ga nuremashita. Sarani, kaisha de kachou ni shikararemashita.
Then, I was caught in the rain, and my bag got wet. Furthermore, I was scolded by the section manager at the company.
うわぁ…大変でしたね。何か甘いものでも飲みに行きましょう。
Uwaa... taihen deshita ne. Nani ka amai mono demo nomi ni ikimashou.
Wow... you really suffered. Let's go drink something sweet.
Chapter Summary
- 1Group 1 passive drops 'u' and adds 'areru'. Group 2 drops 'ru' and adds 'rareru'. Irregulars become される and 来られる.
- 2The person/thing affected by the action is the subject (は/が).
- 3The person who DID the action is marked with に.
- 4The action can be an intransitive verb (like 'cry' or 'rain') resulting in the 'Suffering Passive', which shows the speaker was inconvenienced.
Knowledge Check
Test your understanding of the passive voice!
Quiz
What is the passive form of 'ほめる' (homeru - to praise)?